| MA in NOXILO Mode I |
Japanese | MA in NOXILO Mode II |
English |
| Pari UT (MA is postpositioned) |
Pari to | UTL Pari (MA is prepositioned) |
to Paris |
| 7 IM (MA is postpositioned) |
7 from | IML 7 (MA is prepositioned) |
from 7 |
| SE IZ (MA is postpositioned) |
I with | IZL SE (MA is prepositioned) |
with me |
<Note> SE means ' I '. Both SE-O IZ and IZL SE-O are wrong because SE-O is an object mode.
Example : MAs that work with verbs. - - - an example
out of 5 MAs (BI, CI, DI, FI, JI).
| MA in NOXILO Mode I |
Japanese | MA in NOXILO Mode II |
English |
| cut DI (MA is post positioned) |
cut to | DIL cut (MA is prepositioned) |
to cut |
@ Location of the modification phrase (underlined) and the modified word (modificand)
Mode I : Noun (pronoun, gerund, or verb) + MA + modified word
Mode II : modified word + MA + Noun (pronoun, gerund, or verb)
Examples : MAs that work with nouns (pronouns, gerunds) ----
3 out of some 80 words.
| MA in NOXILO Mode I |
Japanese | MA in NOXILO Mode II |
English |
| Pari UT go | パリ to go | go UTL Pari | go to Pari |
| 7 IM meeting | 7 from meeting | meeting IML 7 | meeting from 7 |
| SE IZ play |
私 with play | play IZL SE | play with me |
<Note> Modification phrases are underlined for convenience.
'go', 'meeting', and 'play', are modified words (modificand).
Example : MA that work with verbs.
| MA in NOXILO Mode I |
Japanese | MA in NOXILO Mode II |
English |
| cut DI tool | 切る to 道具 | tool DIL cut | tool to cut |
<Note> Modification phrase is underlined for convenience.
'tool' is modified word (modificand).
The MAs that work with nouns (pronouns, gerunds) counted some 80 in number, which are 2- or 3-letter-word
with A, I, U, or E beginning. Whereas, the MAs that work with verbs
are only 3 in number; BI (BIL for M2), CI (CIL),
and DI (DIL).
16-1. Modification Agents that work with nouns (pronouns, gerunds) --- 84 words
@ The following table shows all modification agents that start with an 'A'.
| MAs in Mode I |
MAs in Mode II |
corresponding prepositions in English |
Examples in Mode II |
| AB | ABL | about | ABL this problem (about this problem) |
| AC | ACL | instead of | ACL doing so (instead of doing so) |
| AD | ADL | according to | ADL DAFE (according to him) |
| AE | AEL | except for (of) | AEL Sunday (except Sunday) AEL this situation (except for this situation) |
| AF | AFL | after | AFL 7pm (after 7pm, which is excluded) <note> TAF, TAFL includes 7pm. |
| AG | AGL | against | medicine AGL virus (medicine against virus), new missile AGL enemy ICBM (new missile against enemy ICBM) |
| AI | AIL | by (time limit) | I'll pay off AIL tommorow. ( = I'll pay off by tomorrow.) |
| AJ | AJL | of, in (component/element) |
SEI family-W IPKOM AJL 5 REn. (My family consist 'of' 5 people.) |
| AK | AKL | across | AKL Main Street (across Main Street) |
| AL | ALL | with | ALL a nife (with a knife, if you have a knife) ALL you (with you, if you are with me) ALL a life jacket (with a life jacket, if I have a life jacket) |
| AM | AML | among, between | to be used regardless of the number of people |
| AN | ANL | compared to | ANL him (compared to him) |
| AO | AOL | above | AOL roof (above roof) |
| AP | APL | opposite, opposit to, opposite side |
APL City Hall (opposite City Hall) |
| ARP | ARPL | around | ARPL City Hall (around the City Hall) |
| AS | ASL | since | ASL 1970 (since 1970) ASL WW II (since WW II) |
| AT | ATL | at, in (place) | ATL New York (in New York) ATL my home (at my home) |
| AU | AUL | through | AUL BOI process (through that process) AUL TO hole (through this hole) AUL fax (through fax) <note> BOI means 'that', and TO means 'this'. <note>There is no articles in NOXILO. |
| AX | AXL | considering | AXL low price (considering the low price) AXL amateur (considering amateur) |
| AY | AYL | by, with | AYL hammer (with hammer) AYL MAFE (by her) <note> AY, AYL are often used in passive voice sentence. |
| AZ | AZL | as | Mr. Brown AZ governor (possible, or candidate for) |
@ Modification agents that start with an 'I'
| MAs in Mode I | MAs in Mode II |
corresponding prepositions in English | Examples in Mode II |
| IA | IAL | via | IAL New York (via New York) |
| IB | IBL | by | IBL pond (Stand by the pond !) |
| IC | ICL | until, upto | ICL 5pm (I continue to work until 5pm.) |
| ID | IDL | because of | IDL DAFEI failure (because of her failure), IDL innovation (because of innovation), IDL weather (because of weather) |
| IE | IEL | used to show the letter or number of the said word or number | 'A' IEL America ('A' in America) 'm' IEL2 America ('m' in America) 'e' IEL3 America ('e' in America) '5' IEL 50342 ('5' in 503420) '0' IEL2 50342 ('0' in 503420) |
| IF | IFL | as far as concerned | IFL SE (as far as I am concerned) |
| IG | IGL | good in | IGL baseball (good in baseball) IGL speech (good in speech) |
| IK | IKL | in front of | IKL station (in front of the railway station) IKL goal (in front of the goal) |
| IL | ILL | like, as (example, resemblance) |
ILL this (like this) ILL carrot (like a carrot) |
| IM | IML | from | IML 7am (from 7am) IML New York (from New York) IML love (from love) IML air (from air) IML pulp (from pulp) |
| IN | INL | in, inside | IN Chicago (inside Chicago), in him (inside him) <note> TINL includes boundary. |
| IO | IOL | for | IOL him (for him, for the sake of him) |
| IP | IPL | parallel to | IPL this line (parallel to this line) |
| IRP | IRPL | behind, back of | IRPL house (behind the house), IRPL TO accident (behind this accident) |
| IS | ISL | outside | ISL Chicago (outside of Chicago) <note> TISL includes boundary. |
| IT | ITL | into | ITL pond (into a pond), ITL car (into a car), ITL argument (into an argument) |
| IU | IUL | in the middst of | IUL house cleaning (in the middst of house cleaning), IUL homework (in the middst of homework) |
| IX | IXL | on the way to | IXL Berlin (on the way to Berlin), IXL agreement (on the way to an agreement) |
| IY | IYL | in addition to | IYL this issue (in addition to this issue) |
| IZ | IZL | with (together) | box IZL ribbon (box with red ribbon), work IZL Bank of America (work with BOA) |
@ Modification agents that start with an 'U'
| MAs in Mode I | MAs in Mode II |
corresponding prepositions in English |
Examples in Mode II |
| UA | UAL | to, for | big problem UAL him (big problem to him) |
| UB | UBL | of | property UBL Pari (property of Pari) name UBL school (name of the school) University UBK Texas (University of Texas) |
| UC | UCL | without | mathematics UCL tear (math. without tears) welfare UCL tax ? (welfare without tax ?) |
| UD | UDL | under | UDL desk (under the desk) |
| UE | UEL | at, with (cause of joy, angry, surprise, sadness, etc.) |
UEL FENI victory (be surprised with their victory) |
| UF | UFL | off | UFL surface (off of the surface), UFL TO line (off this line), UFL BOI issue (off that issue) |
| UG | UGL | at angle | UGL 45 degree (at angle of 45 degree) |
| UJ | UJL | in | in bare foot, in uniform |
| UK | UKL | of, as (equalty) | Mr. Smith UKL Chairman (Mr. Smith as Chiarman), |
| UL | ULL | unlike | ULL English, NOXILO has two reversible standard word order, SOV and SVO. (unlike English, NOXILO has two reversible standard word order) <note> ULL is pronounced [u_l] or [u_lu] |
| UM | UML | within | UML these conditions (within these conditions) |
| UN | UNL | on | UNL table, UNL ceiling (on the table, on the ceiling) |
| UO | UOL | before | UOL 9AM (any time before 5pm) UOL time EEAL I die. (any time before I die) <note> TUO, TUOL include boundary. |
| UP | UPL | upon | UPL treaty (upon treaty) |
| URP | URPL | during/for | URPL summer vacation (during summer vacation/for summer vacation) |
| US | USL | despite | USL his zeal (despite his zeal) |
| UT | UTL | to | to Stockholm, to him, to war, to sky |
| UU | UUL | next to | nice score UUL his one (nice score next to his one) |
| UX | UXL | in the disguise of | He send-T email UXL me. (He sent an email in the disguise of me.) |
| UY | UYL | beyond | beyond this line, beyond the law, beyond-right <note> TUY, TUYL include boundary. |
| UZ | UZL | besides | UZL this evidence (besides this evidence) |
@ Modification agents that start with an 'E'
(Note) EF/EFL, EG/EGL, and EN/ENL (in pink cells below) heve been empowered in
version 3.0 (8 Oct 2016). These 3 can work with adjectives, adverbs, and verbs as
well as nouns (pronouns, gerunds).
| MAs in Mode I | MAs in Mode II |
corresponding prepositions in English |
Examples in Mode II |
| EA | EAL | at, in, on (time) | EAL 7pm (at 7pm), EAL Sunday (on Sunday) <note>Time period is expressed by 〜KAn. (ex. "for 2 hours" = 2 XI KAn ) |
| EB | EBL | .... for -- (condition EBL event) |
late EBL application for admission, young EBL marrige (young for marrige) |
| EC | ECL | (so) --- for 〜 . (condition ECL example or event) |
hot ECL boiling (hot as boiling), heat ECL boiling happy ECL hogging (happy as hogging) |
| ED | EDL | for -- (aiming, seeking) |
EDL justice (for justice), EDL clear explanation (for clear explanation),
EDL money (for/aiming/seeking money) |
| EE | EEL | with, making pair | go into the treaty EEL the U.S. (go into the treaty with U.S. ) |
| EF | EFL | if | EFL so (if so), EFL murder (if murder) EFL yellow (if yellow) |
| EG | EGL | iff | EGL so (only if so), EGL murder (only if murder) EGL yellow (only if yellow) |
| EI | EIL | every | EIL week (every week), EIL two weeks (every two weeks) |
| EJ | EJL | with (doing) /while (doing) | |
| EK | EKL | supposing of | EKL their failure (supposing of their failure) |
| EL | ELL | as long as | ELL attending (as long as attending), ELL good membership (as long as good membership) |
| EM | EML | as if | walk EML cat (walk as if you were cat) |
| EN | ENL | even if | not acceptable ENL their custom (not acceptable even if it's their custom) |
| EO | EOL | for, corresponding to |
English word EOL 石鹸 (English word corresponding to 石鹸) <note> '石鹸' means 'soup'. |
| EP | EPL | in reply to, in reacting to |
EPL your letter (in reply to your letter), EPL your request (in reacting to your request) |
| ERP | ERPL | regardless of | ERPL your mistake (regardless of your mistake) |
| ES | ESL | on the way to | That happened ESL Arctic (That happened on the way to Arctic) |
| ET | ETL | putting it side | Let's change our discussion ETL that issue (Let's change our discussion putting that issue a side.) |
| EU | EUL | in accordance with | Act EUL new rule (Act in accordance with the new rule) |
| EX | EXL | under | Work EXL his supervision (Work under his supervision) |
| EY | EYL | including | price EYL all parts (price including all parts), EYL DAFE OnD SEN (including her and us) |
| EZ | EZL | in case of, for | EZL flood (in case of flood), EZL absence (in case of absence), EZL FE (in case of him), EZL (for / in case of professionals) |
16-2. Modification Agents that work with verbs --- 6 words
BI (BIL for M2), CI (CIL), DI (DIL), FI (FIL), GI (GIL), JI (JIL)
@ BI (BIL for M2) to do
BI (BIL ) is used to evaluate or judge any particular action.
Ex. This problem is hard to solve.
M1: TO problem-W solve BI hard
(RI).
M2: TO problem-W (RI) hard BIL solve.
Ex. Gustaf is too young to marry Karin.
M1: Gustaf-W Karin-L marry BI too
young (RI).
M2: Gustaf-W (RI) too young BIL marry
Karin-L.
Incidentally, the follwing example should be written with a Clause
Leader EEB (EEBL for M2 ) because
the person who understand is not the professor but I ( different subject
from the 'professor').
Ex. The professor spoke too quickly for me to understand it.
M1: Professor-W (PA) SE TE-O understand
EEB TU quickly speak-T.
M2: Professor-W speak-T TU quickly EEBL SE understand TE-O.
<Note> TU means too.
The application of BI (BIL) has been extended in NOXILO Grammar v.
2.5 in 2014 as follows.
Ex. Nice to meet !
M1: Meet BI nice.
M2: Nice BIL meet.
Ex. Nice to see you ! (Good
to see you.)
M1: ME-O see BI nice.
M2: Nice BIL see ME-O.
<Note> If you use 'gerund' instead of BI (BIL),
you'll have the following sentences.
M1: ME-O see-M-W nice (RI).
M2: See-M-W ME-O (RI) nice.
In posters (public short display) or casual conversation, '-W' and
'RI' may be dropped as follows.
M1: See-M nice
M2: See-M nice.
Ex. I am glad to see you.
M1: SE ME-O see BI glad (RI).
M2: SE (RI) gald BIL see
ME-O.
<Note> If you use 'gerund' instead of BI (BIL), you'll have to add modification agent UE (UEL),
which
show the reason for a particular feeling such as glad, sad, etc.
M1: SE ME-O see-M UE glad (RI).
M2: SE (RI) glad UEL see-M ME-O.
Ex. Sorry to hear the news.
M1: (BOI) News-O hear BI sorry
M2: Sorry BIL hear (BOI) news-O
<Note> BOI means 'that'. In NOXILO,
simple 'the' isn't translated, but if 'the' means 'that', BOI should be
added.
Ex. I am sorry to hear that news.
M1: SE BOI news-O hear BI sorry
RI.
M2: SE RI sorry BIL hear
BOI news-O.
<Note> If you use 'gerund' instead of BI (BIL),
you'll have the following.
M1: SE BOI
news-O hear-M UE sorry RI.
M2: SE RI
sorry UEL hear-M BOI news-O.
Ex. I am glad to write a recommendation.
In NOXILO, it's easier to use GILE (aux. verb. = be glad to) or APRELI
(ad. = gladly) to write this particular sentence.
However, it's stil possible to write the sentence using BI (BIL). >>>
3rd example below.
M1: SE recommendation-O GILE write.
M2: SE GILE write recommendation-O.
M1: SE recommendation-O APRELI write.
M2: SE APRELI write recommendation-O.
M1: SE recommendation-O write BI glad RI.
M2: SE RI glad BIL write recommendation-O. (I am glad to write a recommendation.)
<Note> There are no articles (a, an, the) in NOXILO.
You can add proper words to show quantity
such
as 1,2,3,... , SOM (some), PLU (plural), MUQ (many/much).
@ CI (CIL for M2) --- (so) --- as to do
CI (CIL) show the particular condition or situation with the
informative or action (event).
Ex. Is it really incident to cry ?
M1: ? TE cry CI incident (RI).
M2: ? TE (RI) incident CIL cry.
<Note> '?' is pronounced [esk], but can be pronounced
[e] in conversation.
Ex. It was a terrorism that killed 500 people.
M1: TE 500 REn-O kill-T CI
terrorism RI-T.
M2: TE RI-T terrorism CIL kill-T
500 REn-O.
<Note> kill-T is pronounced [kilta].
Ex. He was so kind as to nurture two orphans.
M1: MAFE 2 orphan-L nurture CI kind
RI-T.
M2: MAFE RI-T kind CIL nurture 2
orphan-L.
Ex. This question is easy to get an A.
M1: TO question-W A-L get CI easy
RI.
M2: TO question-W RI easy CIL get
A-L.
Incidentally, the following sentence should be written with Clause Leader EEC (EECL for M2) because
the 2nd subject 'all students' is added.
Ex. This question is easy as all students will get an A.
M1: TO question-W (PA) OOL student-W A-L
get EEC easy RI.
M2: TO question-W RI easy EECL OOL student-W get A-L.
<Note> 'OOL' means 'all'. 'PA'
is pause particle for M1, which is often placed at the beginning of
in
-between modifying sentence for better understanding. PA is,
however, optional.
Pause particle for M2 ( = ZA ) is usually placed at the end of a in-between modifying
sentence
(relative clause), but, in the above example, the ZA is not needed
at all.
@ DI (DIL for M2) for / in order to do
DI (DIL) resembles 'to-infinitive' in English, which
connects the purpose and the means (or action).
Ex. This is a tool to cut trees.
M1: TO-W tree-L cut DI tool (RI).
M2: TO-W (RI) tool DIL cut tree-L.
<Note> 'TO' means 'This'. Any objects
in modifying phrases and modifying clauses have '-L' at their end
although
the object in main (noun) clauses have '-O' at the end. '-L'
is pronounced [ol], and '-O'
is
pronounced [o].
Ex. It is time to go to school.
M1: School UT go DI AHSA (RI).
M2: (RI) AHSA DIL go UTL school.
<Note> Above two are not sentence but acceptable in NOXILO,
especially in short display or
conversation
because there is no vacant subject 'It' in NOXILO grammar.
'AHSA'
means 'time point' only, whereas 'AHTA' means either 'time period' or 'time
point'.
If the 'It'
is not vacant subject, the following sentences are possible;
M1:
TE School UT go DI AHSA RI.
M2:
TE RI AHSA DIL go UTL school.
<Note> The following sentences with EEA (EEAL) are possible.
M1: People-W school UT go EEA
AHSA (RI).
M2: (RI) AHSA EEAL people-W go
UTL school.
<Note> If 'It' is not vacant subject, the following is possible;
M1: TE people-W school UT go EEA AHSA RI.
M2: TE RI
AHSA EEAL people-W go UTL school.
<note>
EEA (EEAL) is Clause Leader which means 'when'.
Ex. These are the equipment to test their blood. (This
is the equipment used to test their blood.)
M1: TON-W blood-L test DI equipment
(RI).
M2: TON-W (RI) equipment DIL test
blood-L.
<Note> 'TON' is plural form of TO, and means 'these'.
Ex. We work to earn a living.
M1: SEN living-O earn DI work.
M2: SEN work DIL earn living-O.
<Note> SEN means 'We'.
Ex. Be careful not to fall down !
M1: YO NAI fall-down DI careful
RI.
M2: YO RI careful DIL NAI fall-down.
Ex. She will gather documents to prove the graft.
M1: DAFE graft-L prove DI documents-O
gather-R.
M2: DAFE gather-R documents-O DIL prove
graft-L.
Ex. She eats vegetables so she will not suffer from cancer. ( She eats vegetables not to suffer from cancer.)
M1: DAFE cancer-L NAI suffer-from DI
vegetables-O KU.
M2: DAFE KU vegetables-O DIL NAI suffer-from
cancer-L.
<Note> 'DAFE' means 'She'. 'KU' means
'to eat'.
@ FI (FIL for M2) if do
Ex. If swim, you'd better take your swim suit. <Note>
'had better do' = GIKI in Noxilo.
M1: Swim FI, ME swim-suit-O GIKI take.
M2: FIL swim, ME GIKI take
suim-suit-O.
M1: Swim FI ME swim-suit-O GIKI take.
M2: ME GIKI take swim-suit-O FIL
swim.
<Note> The following sentences with Modification Agent EF/EFL instesd
of FI/FIL are possible because
the
fanction of FI/FIL and EF/EFL are pertially overlapped (in terms of connectibility
with verbs).
M1:
Swim EF, ME swim-suit-O GIKI take.
M2: EFL swim, ME
GIKI take swim-suit-O.
M1: Swim EF ME swim-suit-O GIKI take.
M2: ME GIKI take swim-suit-O FEL
swim.
@ GI (GIL for M2) iff ( = only if )
This is a sister word of FI/FIL, but works as "exclusive if".
This is mainly used in Logic.
@ JI (JIL for M2) in doing, while, as
Ex. Mrs. Lawson passed away peacefully in her sleep on February
23rd, 2015 after a long fight with cancer.
M1: DS, Lawson-W CEnT AG AULO UDIGyNA AF M15.2Y.23N AOPILI EHyUZ JI passe-away-T。
M2: DS, Lawson-W passed-away-T JIL AOPALI
EHyUZ M15.2Y.23N AFL AULO UDIGyNA AGL
CEnT.
<Note> AOPALI means 'peacefully'. 'EHyUZ' means 'to sleep'.
'M15.2Y.23N' means '2015.02.23'.
'AFL' means
'after'. 'AULO' means 'long'. 'UDIGyNA' means 'fight against
desease'.
'AGL' means
'against'. 'CEnT' means 'cancer'.
The above sentence can be written as follows with a composer, OnJ.
M1: DS, Lawson-W CEnT AG AULO UDIGyNA AF M15.2Y.23N AOPILI EHyUZ OnJ IBDEZ-T。
M2: DS, Lawson-W M15.2Y.23N AOPILI EHyUZ OnJ
IBDEZ-T AFL AULO UDIGyNA AGL CEnT.
16-3) Semantic classification of Modification Agents that work with
nouns (pronouns, gerunds)
１． MAs regarding 'time'
AF/AFL after 〜
AI/AIL by 〜 * ex. I'll pay
my debt by the date.
AS/ASL since 〜
IC/ICL till 〜
IM/IML from 〜 * IM/IML is also used for place, matter, situation, etc.
UO/UOL before 〜
URP/URPL during 〜
EA/EAL at 〜 * EA/EAL is often
omitted.
２． MAs regarding 'place', 'location', 'direction'
AK/AKL across
AO/AOL above
AP/APL opposite
ARP/ARPL around (near)
AT/ATL at
AU/AUL through
IA/IAL via
IB/IBL by (near/next)
IE/IEL in the word * ex. 1st letter in the word 'Boulevard'. 2nd letter in the word 'in-patience'.
IK/IKL in front of
IM/IML from * IM/IML also be used for 'time', etc.
IN/INL in
IP/IPL parallel to
IRP/IRPL behind
IS/ISL outside
IT/ITL into * IT/ITL also be used 'situation',
etc.
UD/UDL under
UF/UFL off
UG/UGL at angle
UN/UNL on * ex. on the desk
UT/UTL to * UT/UTL is also used for
'time', etc.
UY/UYL beyond * also used for 'condition', etc.
ES/ESL on the way to
ET/ETL putting 〜 side *
also for 'condition', etc.
EU/EUL in accordance with * also for 'condition', etc.
３． MA regarding 'possetion', etc.
UB/UBL of, ---'s
４． MAs regarding 'hypothesis', 'concession'
EF/EFL if
EG/EGL if only if (iff)
EK/EKL assuming
EN/ENL concession
５． MA regarding 'means', 'tools', 'doer' (agent) in passive sentences
AY/AYL by * Mayor was killed by him. = Mayor kill-TZE
AYL MAFE.
６． MA regarding 'pick-up', 'focusing'
AB/ABL about, concerning
７． MAs regarding 'reson', 'cause'
ID/IDL because of, due to
UE/UEL at, with *
cause of joy, pain, sadness, surprise, etc.
８． MAs regarding 'comparison'
AN/ANL compared with, compared to
IL/ILL like, just
like
UL/ULL unlike
９． MAs regarding 'assumption', 'condition', 'restriction'
AC/ACL instead of
AD/ADL according to
AE/AEL except for
AS/ASL as *
ex. lion as a king of beasts
IF/IFL as far as -- concerned * ex.
as far as the mayor is concerned = IFL Mayor.
IG/IGL good in * ex.
He is good in baseball. = MAFE (He) RI (is) good IGL baseball.
IY/IYL in addition to
UA/UAL to * ex. This math is
hard to him.
UC/UCL without
UZ/UZL besides
EU/EUL in accordance with
EX/EXL under * ex. under his supervision
EY/EYL including
EZ/EZL in the case of
16-4) Modification Agent, Clause Leader, and Verbals in table
| Modification Agent that work with verbs |
meaning | Modification Agent that work with nouns |
meanings | Clause Leader | meanings | Verbals | meanings |
| My [myu] noun clause |
that | -M [m(u)] verb-noun |
that ..... | ||||
| Dy [dyu] noun clause |
whether | -D [d(u)] verb-noun |
whether ..... | ||||
| Ky [kyu] adjec. clause |
that or which |
-K [k(u)] verb-adjec. |
participles, to-infinitive, or relative pronoun |
||||
| EA [ea] for M1 EAL [eal] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
at (time) | EEA [e:a] for M1 EEAL [e:al] for M2 adjec. clause adverb clause |
when | ||||
| BI [bi] for M1 BIL [bil] for M2 adverb phrase |
.... to do (proper or not) |
EB [eb] for M1 EBL [ebl] for M2 adverb phrase |
.... for (proper or not) |
EEB [e:b] for M1 EEBL [e:bl] for M2 adverb clause |
..... to do (proper or not) |
Deleted -BI [bi] verb-adjec. verb-adverb |
|
| CI [tsi] for M1 CIL [tsil] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
degree/ so ... as |
EC [ets] for M1 ECL [etsl] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
.... for (degree) |
EEC [e:ts] for M1 EECL [e:tsl] for M2 adjec. clause adverb clause |
as .... as that |
Deleted -CI [tsi] verb-adverb |
|
| DI [di] for M1 DIL [dil] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
in order to do |
ED [ed] for M1 EDL [edl] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
.... for (seeking) |
EED [e:d] for M1 EEDL [e:dl] for M2 adjec. clause adverb clause |
in order to do that |
Deleted -AI [ai] verb-adjec. verb-adverb |
|
| FI [fi] for M1 FIL [fil] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
if | EF [ef] for M1 EFL [efl] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
if | EEF [e:f] for M1 EEFL [e:fl] for M2 adjec. clause adverb clause |
if | ||
| GI [gi] for M1 GIL [gil] for M2 |
iff | EG [eg] for M1 EGL [egl] for M2 |
iff | EEG [e:g] for M1 EEGL [e:gl] for M2 |
iff | ||
| JI [ji] for M1 JIL [jil] for M2 |
in doing while, as |
EJ [ej] for M1 EJL [ejl] for M2 adjec. phrase adverb phrase |
in doing | EEJ [e:j] for M1 EEJL [e:jl] for M2 adjec. clause adverb clause |
while, as |
(Note) Verbals -AI, -BI, and -CI have been deleted from NOXILO grammar
since December 2011.
(Note) BI (BIL) has been replaced with CI (CIL) in Version 3.2 as above (since 8 May 2023).
********************
Ch-17 Composers
********************
17-1. Indivisual composer
Composers play role in forming logic. English counterpart for Composers
is Conjunctions such as 'and', 'or',
'therefore', 'because', etc. Please note the Conjunctions such as
'that', 'if', and 'although' are not included;
these are categolized into Clause Leaders in NOXILO. All composers
except of 'NOA' start at 'O'.
Ex. OnD ( [ond(u)] 'and' ), OA ( [oa], 'or' ), OENI ( [oeni],
'therefore' ), OOZ ( [o:z] 'because' ), etc.
| Composerss | meaning | remarks (example) |
| OnD | and | white car OnD house --> Car is white but house may not. |
| OnP | - do- | white car OnP house --> 'white' modifies both car and house. |
| OnS | - do - | white car OnS house --> 'white' modifies car only. |
| OA | or (probably inclusive) | tea or coffee --> tea or coffee or maybe both. |
| OAP | - do - | hot tea OAP coffee --> 'hot' modifies both tea and coffee. |
| OAS | - do - | hot tea OAS coffee --> 'hot' modifies tea only. |
| OI | or (strictly exclusive) | tea OI coffee --> tea or coffee (Taking both is not allowed) |
| OIP | - do - | hot tea OIP coffee --> 'hot' modifies both tea and coffee. |
| OIS | - do - | hot tea OIS coffee --> 'hot' modifies tea only. |
| OU | or (strictly inclusive) | tea OU coffee --> tea or coffee or both (Both is good, too.) |
| OUP | - do - | hot tea OUP coffee --> 'hot' modifies both tea and coffee. |
| OUS | - do - | hot tea OUS coffee --> 'hot' modifies tea only. |
| NOA | nor | NAIDE ** NOA -- ( = neither ** nor -- ). Both ** and -- are denied. |
| OENI | therefore | |
| OERA | ,whereas | Younger brother is very kind, whereas older brother is greedy. |
| OKyLI [okyuri] | consequently | |
| ONEVI | nevertheless, however |
ONEVI is placed at the top of independent sentence. It can be placed between two sentences and tie them as well. ONEVI is more formal than OTT. |
| On | per | 120 Japanese Yen per one U.S. Dolar |
| OnJ | do1 while do2 (ing) | two actions are overlapped. |
| OOZ | because | |
| ORIE | in addition, further | |
| OST | Va OST Vb | Plural actions start at the same time. at least plural actions overlap for a cetain period of time. |
| O2ST [onist] | Vc O2ST Vd | Plural actions start at the same time (t1), and end at the same time (t2). |
| OTO | symmetry | beauty and love, strength and truth, east wing and west wing |
| OTT | but, however | OTT is placed at the top of independent sentence. It can be placed between two sentences and tie them as well. |
| OV | versus | Red Sox OV Yankees game Washington OV Mosquva |
| OZK | and for that case | He didn't attend, and for that case |
| OZn | and then | immediately, soon |
| OZUn | and then | afterwards |
<Note> UUS (UUSL for M2; 'though' or 'although') is not Composer, but Clause Leader, and is always
used with subordinate sentence.
<Note> Let's see some sister words of 'OOZ' .
OOZ (Composer)
- - - - - - because
ID (IDL) (Modification Agent) - - - because
of
IID (IIDL) (Clause Leader) - - - - - because
HyALI (Prerogative Adverb) - - - why
17-2. Structure with composer
★ IILA ** OA -- ( either ** or --
)
Ex. You should report either to me or the school.
M1: ME IILA SE OA school UT GIMI report.
M2: ME GIMI report IILA SE OA UTL school.
<Note> GIMI means 'should'. IILA can be omitted sometimes.
Ex. You should report it to the school or me.
M1: ME TE-O IILA school OA SE UT GIMI report.
M2: ME GIMI report TE-O IILA school OA UTL SE.
<Note> 'the' is not translated because there are
articles in NOXILO.
You
can use BOI (=that) for 'the' if necessary.
<Ref.> 'Either one' in English is translated to 'IILA TE' in NOXILO.
★ NAIDE ** NOA -- ( neither ** nor
-- )
Ex. It is neither dead nor living.
M1: TE NAIDE living NOA dead (RI).
M2: TE (RI) NAIDE living NOA dead.
★ SOO ** OZn -- ( so ** that
-- )
Ex. The scenery was so beautiful that we stayed there.
M1: Scenery-W SOO beautiful RI OZn SEN BOIE stay-T.
M2: Scenery-W RI SOO beautiful OZn SEN BOIE stay-T.
<Note> 'The' is not translated. BOIE means 'there'.
SEN (= We) is a plural form of SE (= I).
Tense particle '-T' after 'RI' is not necessary because the tense of 'RI' is the same
as
that (=past tense) of 'stay'.
<Note> 'SOO ** OENI -- ' or 'SOO ** OKyLI -- ' is possible, too.
１類： ＮＡＩ ＯｎＬＩ ＳＥ ＯＴＴ ＳＬＥ 兄−Ｗ 外国 ＵＴ 行く。
２類： ＮＡＩ ＯｎＬＩ ＳＥ ＯＴＴ ＳＬＥ ｂｒｏｔｈｅｒ−Ｗ ｇｏ ＵＴＬ ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ．
１類 ： ＮＡＩ ＯｎＬＩ ＳＥ ＯＴＴ 兄−Ｗ ＭＯ 外国 ＵＴ 行く。
２類 ： ＮＡＩ ＯｎＬＩ ＳＥ ＯＴＴ ｂｒｏｔｈｅｒ−Ｗ ＭＯ ｇｏ ＵＴＬ ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ．
★ NAI OnLI ** OTT SLE -- (not only ** but also -- )
NAI OnLI ** OTT -- MO
(not only ** but --
too )
'**' and '--' are filled by a word, a phrase, or a sentence.
MO is always postpositioned.
Ex. Not only I but also my brother go to foreign country （abroad）.
M1: NAI OnLI SE OTT SLE SEI brother-W foreign country UT go.
M2: NAI OnLI SE OTT SLE SEI brother-W go UTL foreign
country.
M1: NAI OnLI SE OTT SEI brother-W MO foreign country UT go.
M2: NAI OnLI SE OTT SEI brother-W MO go UTL foreign country.
M1: NAI OnLI SE OTT SEI brother-W MO abroad go.
M2: NAI OnLI SE OTT SEI brother-W MO abroad go.
<Note> SEI is possesive form of SE. SLE is prepositioned,
but MO postpositioned.
'Abroad' is adverb, and therefore it's placed before verb in NOXILO.
Ex. Japan concluded an treaty with not only China but also India.
M1: Japan-W NAI OnLI China EE OTT SLE India (EE) treaty-O conclude-T.
M2: Japan-W conclude-T treaty-O NAI OnLI EEL China OTT SLE (EEL) India.
M1: Japan-W NAI OnLI China EE OTT India (EE) MO treaty-O conclude-T.
M2: Japan-W conclude-T treaty-O NAI OnLI EEL China OTT (EEL) India MO.
<Note> The 'conclude-T' can be replaced with 'go-into-T'.
Ex. That woman informed not only me but also the police department.
M1: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI SE-O OTT SLE police department-O inform-T.
M2: BOI DAFE inform-T NAI OnLI SE-O OTT SLE police department-O.
Ex. That woman will not only call me up, but also write a letter to the police
department.
M1: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI ME-O call-up OTT SLE police-O letter-O write-R.
M2: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI call-up ME-O OTT SLE write-R police-O letter-O.
<Note> For M1, NAI OnLI covers ME-O call-up,
and SLE covers police-O letter-O write-R.
For
M2, NAI OnLI covers call-up ME-O, and SLE covers write-R police-O letter-O.
M1: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI ME-O call-up OTT police-O letter-O write-R MO.
M2: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI call-up ME-O OTT write-R police-O letter-O MO.
<Note> For M1, NAI OnLI covers ME-O call-up,
and MO covers police-O letter-O write-R.
For
M2, NAI OnLI covers call-up ME-O, and MO covers write-R police-O letter-O.
Ex. That woman will not only inform me it, but also will write the police
department a letter.
M1: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI ME-O TE-O inform OTT SLE police department-O letter-O write-R.
M2: BOI DAFE NAI OnLI inform ME-O TE-O OTT SLE write-R police department-O letter-O.
************************
Ch-18 Clause Leaders
************************
English counterparts for Clause Leaders (CLs) are the words such as 'that'
(= My in NOXILO), 'whether' (Dy),
'who' (Ky), 'which' (Ky), 'that' (Ky), 'what'
(XU), although' (UUS), 'if' (EEF/EEFL), 'until'
(IIC/IICL), etc.
The CLs for Mode I are placed at the end of clauses, and therefore they are called post-clause-leaders,
whereas the CLs for Mode II are placed at the head of clauses, and
they are called pre-clause-leaders.
The CLs for mode II is the same as Conjunctions in English since they are
placed at the head of clauses.
The CLs in NOXILO do not include 'and' and 'or', which are categolized
into Composers. You can distinguish
the type of clauses (noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause) by
seeing each clause leader.
Position of Clause Leaders (CL) :
M1: clause + CL
M2: CL + clause
<Note> Clauses are consist of noun clauses,
adjective clauses, and adverb clauses.
Examples. They know that I love you. <Note> that = My
(pronounced [my(u)] not [mai] ).
M1: FEN SE ME-O love My know.
M2: FEN know My SE love ME-O.
<Note> FEN (plural form of FE) means 'They'.
SE means 'I'. ME-O means 'you'.
My
(prnounced my(u) ) is CL that lead noun clauses (underlined) only.
The following table shows some other examples of CLs.
| English | NOXILO Mode I | NOXILO Mode II | remarks about CL |
| whether I see you | SE ME-O MU Dy | Dy SE MU ME-O | Dy leads a noun clause. |
| whom we invited | SEN ELVIS Ky | Ky SEN ELVIS | Ky leads adjective clause. |
| although I like you | SE ME-O APLIS UUS | UUS SE APLIS ME-O | UUS leads adverb clause. |
(Note) MU means 'to see'. ELVIS : to invite. APLIS
: to like.
18-1. Clause Leaders that lead noun clauses.
There are only two CLs to lead noun clauses; My and Dy.
My is pronounced [my(u)], and means 'that' in English. Dy [dy(u)]
means 'Whether' or 'If'.
@ My [my(u)] = that
As we learned earlier, 'My' means 'that' in English. The noun clauses
which are lead by 'My' become either subject
clause, object clause, or complement clause. You can write My-O (by adding -O) for 'My' which leads object clause,
and My-E for 'My' which lead complement clause. We usually do not
write My-W except for sentence analysis.
Ex. That you studied NOXILO hard is important.
M1: ME NOXILO-O hard study-T My important RI. (note) Noun clauses are underlined.
M2: My ME hard study-T NOXILO-O (ZA) RI important.
<Note> There is no 'It is -- that' structure in NOXILO.
ZA is a punctuation particle for M2, and it is placed at the end
of clause in the sentence.
A (punctuation particle for M1) is not needed for the above example.
Adverb (one word)
should be placed before verb in NOXILO, therefore the adverb 'hard'
comes before 'study'.
Ex. That you go means that she goes.
M1: ME go My DAFE go My-O mean.
M2: My ME go mean My-O DAFE go.
<Note> The following is acceptable especially for sentence analysis
by beginners.
M1: ME go My-W DAFE go My-O mean.
M2: My-W ME go mean My-O DAFE go.
Ex. The point is that I am right.
M1: Point-W SE right My RI.
M2: Point-W RI My SE right.
<Note> Beginners can write as follows.
M1: Point-W (PA) SE right RI My-E RI.
M2: Point-W RI My-E SE RI right.
<Note> PA is a punctuation particle for M1.
@ Dy [dy(u)] = whether (if)
Ex. Whether (if) the man is alive is important. = It is
important if the man is alive (or not).
M1: FE alive (RI) Dy important RI.
M2: Dy FE (RI) alive RI important.
<Note> There is no 'It is --- if' structure in NOXILO. There are no articles (a, an, the) in
NOXILO.
Ex. The point is whether you loved her.
M1: Point-W (PA) ME DAFE-O love-T Dy RI.
M2: Point-W RI Dy ME love-T DAFE-O.
18-2. Clause Leaders that lead adjective clauses.
There are more than 10 CLs that lead adjective clause. We study
7 ( 'Ky' to 'EED' ) of them here.
@ Ky [ky(u)] = that, who, which
'Ky' is very useful CL since it connects any adjective clause (modifying clause) and noun (modified word
= modificand). The location of 'Ky' is the same as that of
other CLs as learned earlier.
M1: Adjective clause + Ky + noun (pronoun/gerund)
M2: noun (pronoun/gerund) + Ky + adjective clause
(Note) Adjective clauses are underlined for better
understanding.
Let's see some examples.
Ex. The man who is studying PC is her father.
M1: PC-L study-In Ky FE DAFEI father RI. <Note> FE is modificand
and postcedent.
M2: FE Ky study-In PC-L RI DAFEI father. <Note> FE is modificand
and antecedent.
<Note> FE means the one, which can
be replaced with REn (person). Any object in modifying clause
(adjective
clause and adverb clause) has an element particle '-L' instead of '-O'.
The
'-L' is pronounced [ol], and '-O' pronounced [o]. FE
is modified word (= modificand).
Ex. The class that I chose was cancelled.
M1: SE chose-T Ky class-W cancel-TZE. <Note> class is modificand and postcedent.
M2: Class-W Ky SE chose-T (ZA) cancel-TZE. <Note> Class is modificand
and antecedent.
Ex. My friend took the class that I canceled.
M1: SEI friend-W SE cancel-T Ky class-O take-T. <Note> class is modificand and postcedent.
M2: SEI friend-W take-T class-O Ky SE cancel-T. <Note> class is modificand and antecedent.
Ex. The lawyer whose sister works at the library bought a car.
M1: Sister-W library AT work Ky lawyer-W car-O buy-T. <Note>
lawyer is postcedent.
M2: Lawyer-W Ky sister-W work ATL library (ZA) buy-T car-O. <Note> Lawyer
is antecedent.
<Note> Sister-W can be replaced with 'FEI sister-W' or 'DAFEI
sister-W'.
ZA is a punctuation particle for M2. PA for M1 is not necessary at all.
AT (ATL for M2) is modification agent, which means 'at' in English.
Ex. I know the lawyer whose sister works at the library.
M1: SE FEI sister-W library AT work Ky lawyer-O know. <Note> lawyer is postcedent.
M2: SE know lawyer-O Ky FEI sister-W work ATL library. <Note> lawyer is antecedent.
Ex. She went to the railway station where she had met her ex-husband.
M1: DAFE (PA) DAFE ex-husband-L meet-T Ky railway station UT go-T. <Note> railway
station is postcedent.
M2: DAFE go-T UTL railway station Ky DAFE meet-T ex-husband-L. <Note>
railway station is antecedent.
<Note> The above sentences can be written with KyUT as follows, which is even closer to
'Relative Pronoun' in English. AT (ATL for M2)
should be left anywhere in the sentence.
M1: DAFE (PA) DAFE AT ex-husband-L meet-T KyUT railway station UT go-T.
M2: DAFE go-T UTL railway station KyUT DAFE meet-T ex-husband-L ATL.
Ex. The blind teacher heard the sound that the pages made as many students
turned them.
M1: Blind teacher-W (PA) MUQ student-W page-L turn-T EED page-W make-T
Ky sound-O hear-T.
M2: Blind teacher-W hear-T sound-O Ky page-W make-T EEDL MUQ student-W turn-T
page-L.
<Note> MUQ means 'many' and 'much'. 'The' is
not translated since there are no articles in NOXILO.
If
identifying is necessary, you would use 'TO' (this) or 'BOI'
(that). --> Ex. BOI teacher-W .....
The following 4 expressions are acceptable in NOXILO because 'Ky' and 'EED (EEDL) ' are not relative pronoun
but 'Clause Leader' that leads relevant adjective clause to modify a noun.
M1: Blind teacher-W (PA) MUQ student-W page-L turn-T Ky sound-O hear-T.
M2: Blind teacher-W hear-T sound-O Ky MUQ student-W turn-T page-L.
M1: Blind teacher-W (PA) MUQ student-W page-L turn-T EED sound-O hear-T.
M2: Blind teacher-W hear-T sound-O EEDL MUQ student-W turn-T page-L.
<Note> EED (EEDL for M2) means 'when'.
EED (EEDL) lead adjective clauses or adverb clauses.
Ex. I liked the nice smell of the leaves that mother burned in the back
yard.
M1: SE (PA) mother-W backyard AT burn-T Ky leave UB nice smell-O like-T.
M2: SE like-T nice smell-O UBL leave Ky mother-W burn-T ATL backyard.
The following 4 expressions are acceptable in NOXILO because 'Ky' and 'EED
(EEDL)' are not Relative Pronoun
but Clause Leader that lead relevant adjective clause to modify nouns (or
pronouns).
M1: SE (PA) mother-W backyard AT fallen-leaf-L burn-T
Ky nice smell-O like-T.
M2: SE like-T nice smell-O Ky mother-W burn-T fallen-leaf-L ATL backyard.
M1: SE (PA) mother-W backyard AT fallen-leaf-L burn-T
EED nice smell-O like-T.
M2: SE like-T nice smell-O EEDL mother-W burn-T fallen-leaf-L ATL backyard.
<Note> EED (EEDL) means 'when'.
They lead adjective clauses or adverb clauses.
Ex. I wanted to take the next seat which a handsome youngman was in
sitting.
M1: SE (PA) hansome youngman-W sit-In Ky next seat-O take < want-T
M2: SE want-T > take next seat-O Ky handsome youngman-W sit-In.
The word order for the case that two adjective clauses and an adjective phrase and an adjective modify
nouns (postcedent for M1 and antecedent for M2) is as follows. The
next seat is modified word (=modificand).
M1: Adjective clause + Ky + OnD + adjective clause + Ky + OnD + adjective phrase + adjective + An + postcedent
(modified
word)
M2: adjective + An + antecedent + adjective phrase + OnD + Ky + adjective clause + OnD + Ky + adjective clause
(modified word)
Example. The large railway station by the pond that pigeon lived in and many people
used burned down.
M1: Pigeon-W live-in-T Ky OnD MUQ people-W use-T Ky OnD pond IB large An railway station-W burn-down-T.
M2: Large An railway station-W IBL pond OnD Ky pigeon-W live-in-T OnD Ky MUQ people-W use-T (ZA) burn-down-T.
<Note> MUQ: many and much, OnD: and,
IB (IBL for M2): by
An: flag particle (for M1 & M2) to show a postcedent (antecedent).
Neither PA nor ZA is needed.
We can put 'An' (flag particle) immediately before postcedent (M1) and
antecedent (M2) for quick recognition, especially for the
case that a post (ante) cedent has plural adjectives on it.
@ XU [shu:] = what (Ky + postcedent for
M1 / antecedent + Ky for M2)
Ex. What I want is a knife and fork.
M1: SE IYUS XU-W knife OnD fork (RI).
M2: XU-W SE IYUS (RI) knife OnD fork.
<Note> SE = I, IYUS
= to want, OnD = and
Ex. You answerd what I wanted to know.
M1: ME (PA) SE know < IYUS XU-O answer-T.
M2: ME answer-T XU-O SE IYUS > know.
<Note> ME = You, SE = I, 'IYUS
> know' = want to know
@ UUK [u:k] (UUKL [u:kl] for M2) = that
(of equivalent/apposition)
Ex. The idea that all children must go to school might be wrong.
M1: OOL children-W school UT GIM go UUK idea-W wrong GIME RI.
M2: Idea-W UUKL OOL children-W GIM go UTL school (ZA) GIME RI wrong.
<Note> OOL = all, GIM = must, GIME
= may
Ex. I can't help reporting the fact that many people were killed.
M1: SE (PA) MUQ REn-W kill-TZE UUK fact-O GIVI report-T.
M2: SE GIVI report-T fact-O UUKL MUQ REn-W kill-TZE.
<Note> MUQ = many (much), REn = people, kill-TZE
= were killed, GIVI = can not help doing
@ EEA [e:a] (EEAL [e:al] for M2) = when
Ex. That was the sound when he closed the back door.
M1: BOI-W MAFE back door-O close-T EEA sound RI-T.
M2: BOI-W RI-T sound EEAL MAFE close-T back door-O.
@ EEC [e:ts] (EECL [e:tsl] for M2) = so ..... as to do,
as much as
Ex. Is that incident so sad it makes you cry ?
M1: ? TE (PA) ME cry EEC sad incident (RI).
M2: ? TE (RI) sad incident EECL ME cry.
Ex. We supplied so much heat that everything evaporated.
M1: SEN (PA) OOL-W evaporate EEC MUQ heat-O supplied.
M2: SEN supplied MUQ heat-O EECL OOL-W evaporate.
<Note> OOL means 'all' (everything).
EEC leads adverb clauses, too. See below.
Ex. It was so hot that everything evaporated.
M1: TE OOL-W evaporate EEC hot RI-T.
M2: TE RI-T hot EECL OOL-W evaporate.
M1: Temperature-W OOL-W evaporate EEC high RI-T.
M2: Temperature-W RI-T high EECL OOL-W evaporate.
@ IIL [i:l] (IILL [i:_l] for M2) = as (like, resemblance)
Ex. It was a warm welcome as the citizen welcomed a Olympic-gold-medalist.
M1: TE (PA) citizen-W Olympic-gold-medalist-O welcome-T IIL welcome RI-T.
M2: TE RI-T welcome IILL citizen-W
welcome-T Olympic-gold-medalist-O.
<Note> IIL leads adverb clause, too.
@ EED [e:d] (EEDL for M2)
Ex. This is an equipment for which the intern test blood.
M1: TO-W (PA) intern-W blood-L test EED equipment (RI).
M2: TO-W (RI) equipment EEDL intern-W test blood-L.
<Note> '-W' is an element partcle, and means TO is a subject.
The object in modification clauase takes -L instead of -O. TO
means 'this'.
If the above example were 'This is an equipment to test blood.',
M1: TO-W blood-L test DI equipment
(RI).
M2: TO-W (RI) equipment DIL test blood-L.
<Note> DI (DIL) is a Modification Agent that works with verb.
EED can leads adverb clauses, too. See below.
Ex. They transfered it to new labs so they continue to test the blood.
M1: FEN (PA) FEN blood-L test < continue EED new labs UT transfer-T.
M2: FEN transfer-T UTL new labs EEDL FEN continue > test blood-L.
18-3. Clause Leaders that lead mainly adverb clauses.
There are over 50 CLs to lead mainly adverb clauses. Many of them are derived from Modification Agents, and
therefore the CLs for M2 inherit L-ending. A 15 out of some
50 are original CLs, and naturally there is no
defference in spelling of CLs between M1 and M2. We first see
three important rules (A, B, and C) before
going to 18-3-1.
A) Japanese, Korean, Hindi, etc. (M1type language) and Arabic
(M3) are typical 'conditional-clause-first and
main-clause-at-last' language, and therefore translation of their
languages into NOXILO would follow the same
clause order. In English (M2 type language), the word order
is mostly opposite; that is, 'main-clause-first and
conditional clause-last'. However, adverb clauses are often
placed first for emphasizing purpose in English.
Although the English sentence with this clause order could be translated
into NOXILO in the same clause order,
the purpose of emphasizing adverb clause is not translated.
If emphasizing an averb clause is necessary, the
adverb clause must have VII on head or be sandwiched by VII and -VII.
The following is a typical clause order in NOXILO.
| M1 | SE die UUO SE Musee-du-Louvre-O visit-R. (adverb clause) (main clause= noun clause) |
| M2 | SE visit-R Musee-du-Louvre-O UUOL SE die. (main clause = noun clause) (adverb clause) |
<Note> UUO (UUOL for M2)
means 'before'.
When a CL stays between main clause and adverb clause, a ','
is not necessary as above sentences.
However, when the CL is placed at the head (M2) or last (M1) of sentence, a
',' must be placed between
main clause and adverb clause. See below.
Example: I visit Musee-du-Louvre-O before I die.
M1: SE die UUO SE Musee-du-Louvre-O visit. ..........
right (',' is not necessary bcs UUO is placed inbetween
clauses.)
(adverb clause) (main clause)
<note> Most M1 and M3 people would like this clause order.
M1: SE Musee-du-Louvre-O visit, SE die UUO. ......... right (because ',' is placed between
main and adverb clauses.)
(main clause) (adverb
clause) <note> Most
M1 and M3 people won't like this clause order.
M1: SE Musee-du-Louvre-O visit SE die UUO. ......... wrong (bcs ',' is dropped between main and adverb clauses.)
(main clause) (adverb
clause) <note> Most M1 and M3 people won't like
this clause order.
M2: SE visit Musee-du-Louvre-O UUOL SE die. ........ right (',' is not necessary bcs UUOL
is placed inbetween two clauses.)
(main
clause) (adverb clause)
M2: UUOL SE die, SE visit Musee-du-Louvre-O. ........
right (because ',' is placed between adverb and main clauses.)
(adverb clause) (main clause)
M2: UUOL SE die SE visit Musee-du-Louvre-O.
........ wrong (bcs ',' is dropped between adverb and main clauses.)
(adverb clause) (main clause)
B) A ',' should be placed between adverb clause and
imperative clause (main clause) anyhow. See below.
Ex. Visit Musee-du-Louvre before you die.
M1: ME die UUO, YO Musee-du-Louvre-O visit.
(adverb clause) (main clause = imperative)
M2: YO visit Musee-du-Louvre-O, UUOL ME die.
(main clause = imperative) (adverb clause)
The following is acceptable though the clause order for M1 is not typical.
M1: YO Musee-du-Louvre-O visit, ME die UUO.
M2: YO visit Musee-du-Louvre-O, UUOL ME die.
The following is acceptable although the clause order for M2 is not typical.
M1: ME die UUO, YO Musee-du-Louvre-O visit.
M2: UUOL ME die, YO visit Musee-du-Louvre-O.
The above explanations stand for a set of adverb clause and interrogative clause (main clause), too.
Ex. Where did you go after you visited Shanghai Expo 2010 ?
M1: ME Shanghai-Expo-2010-O visit-T AAF, ? ME HE-O go-T.
(adverb clause) (main clause = interrogative)
M2: ? ME go-T HE-O, AAFL ME visit-T Shanghai-Expo-2010-O.
(main clause=interr.) (adverb clause)
M1: ? ME HE-O go-T, ME Shanghai-Expo-2010-O visit-T AAF.
M2: ? ME go-T HE-O, AAFL ME visit-T Shanghai-Expo-2010-O.
M1: ME Shanghai-Expo-2010-O visit-T AAF, ? ME HE-O go-T.
M2: AAFL ME visit-T Shanghai-Expo-2010-O, ? ME go-T HE-O, .
C) Please keep in mind there is no rule that the first clause is emphasized in NOXILO. Any word, phrase, or
clause to be emphasized must have 'VI' (for a word) or 'VII' (for phrase and clause) before these.
In case the range to be emphasized is not clear, the range (phrase or clause)
in particular should be sandwiched
by VII and -VII, which are enhancement particles. 'VI' is pronounced [vi], and 'VII' [vi:]. See examples below.
VI paper (M1 & M2) ....................... word (paper) is emphasized by a VI. <Note> 'VI' is for a word only.
VII school AT -VII (for M1) .......... phrase (school AT) is emphasized
by VI and -VII.
VII ATL school -VII (for M2) ......... phrase (ATL school) is emphasized
by VII and -VII.
VII SE go-T EEF -VII (for M1) ........ clause (SE go-T EEF -VII)
is emphasized by VII and -VII.
VII EEFL SE go-T -VII (for M2) ........ clause (EEFL SE go-T) is emphasized
by VII and -VII.
<Note> '-VII' (a closing VII) can be omitted if there is no risk
of confusion.
18-3-1. CLs (derived from MAs) for supposition
There are 6 CLs (EEF, EEG, EEK, EEL, EEM, and
EEN) for supposition. These are all derived from Modification
Agents, therefore these for mode II have 'L' ending as EEFL, EEGL,
EEKL, EELL, EEML, and EENL., respectively.
EEF means 'conditional if', and EEG means 'exclusive if'. EEN
(EENL for M2) is rather for concession.
@ EEF (EEFL for M2) = if ( conditional
if )
In NOXILO, supposition clauses (adverb clauses) do not have a distictive
part to show true or false of the contents.
If supposition is contrary to facts, conclusive clause must have GITT (auxiriary
verb) before verb. If the contents
are right, conclusive clauses have GIMO (aux. verb) before verb. However,
the use of GIMO is not mondatery.
The word order of supposition clause is
M1: Supposition clause + EEF
M2: EEFL + supposition clause
Before we study examples, we first set particular situations.
[Situation A]
You live in New York, and your father lives in Los Angeles. Both are fine.
You do not know whether your father will come to see you in N.Y. at all.
Ex. If my father comes to see me, I want to show him New York
Stock Exchange.
M1: Father-W SE-L see-DI come EEF SE DAFE-O N.Y.S.E.-O show <
IYUS.
M2: SE IYUS > show DAFE-O N.Y.S.E.-O EEFL father-W come see-DI SE-L.
<Note> Father may come or may not come. If he comes, I want
to show ........ .
'-L' shows object in modification clause (= adverb and adjective
clause).
'-DI' is modification agent (MA) that work with verbs, and means
'in order to'.
'DAFE-O' means 'him' (father). IYUS' means 'to want'.
[Situation B]
Your father passed away many years ago. Therefore, he can not
come to see you now or in the future.
Ex. If my father comes to see me, I want to show him the Metropolitan
Museum of Art.
M1: Father-W SE-L see-DI come EEF SE father-O Metropolitan Museum of Art-O
GITT show < IYUS.
M2: SE GITT IYUS > show father-O Metropolitan Museum
of Art-O EEFL father-W come see-DI SE-L.
<Note> GITT (aux verb) shows that supposition is impossible (or
contrary to facts), and you do not (can not)
show him the museum. You can go alone. You enjoyed
the museum very much, and you wish your
father was alive and could come to N.Y. although that's impossible
(bcs he passed away many years ago).
[Situation C]
Conversation about future occupations between you and your good friend.
Ex. If I were you, I would become a painter.
M1: SE ME RI EEF SE painter GITT EQKAZ.
M2: SE GITT EQKAZ painter EEFL SE RI ME.
<Note> Supposition is contrary to fact (I is not you.). The
good friend probably attempt not to become a painter.
I may or may not become painter; this sentence does not refer to
myself.
[Situation D]
You are speaking to a person who will not say whether he studied hard or
not.
Ex. If you studied hard, an acceptance letter will come tomorrow.
M1: ME hard study-T EEF acceptance letter-W tomorrow come-R.
M2: Acceptance letter-W tomorrow come-R EEFL ME hard study-T.
<Note> There is no way you know whether he studied hard.
[Situation E]
You are speaking to a honest person who said that he did not study at all.
Ex. If you had studied hard, an acceptance letter would have come tomorrow.
M1: ME hard study-T EEF acceptance letter-W tomorrow GITT come-R.
M2: Acceptance letter-W tomorrow GITT come-R EEFL ME hard study-T.
** Note **
Verb 'IYX' (= 'wish' in English) is used to state an impossible desire on contrary-to-fact
condition.
In this expression, neither CL to lead adverb clause nor GITT is used.
Ex. I wish I had a camera now.
M1: SE (PA) SE camera-O TUV My IYX.
M2: SE IYX My SE TUV camera-O.
<Note> In fact, I don't have a camera with me now. GITT is not used.
Ex. I wish I would have had a camera then.
M1: SE SE camera-O TUV-T My IYX.
M2: SE IYX My SE TUV-T camera-O.
<Note> Unfortunatelly, I did not have a camera with me then.
GITT is not used.
@ EEG (EEGL for M2) = exclusive if (= iff)
@ EEK (EEKL for M2) = supposing that
Ex. Solve the following equation supposing that there is no friction.
M1: Friction-W NAI RIZ EEK, YO following equation-O solve.
M2: YO solve following equation-O, EEKL friction-W NAI RIZ.
@ EEL (EELL for M2) = as long as
Ex. As long as you help them, I will help you.
M1: ME FEN-O help EEL SE ME-O help.
M2: SE help ME-O EEFL ME help FEN-O.
@ EEM (EEML for M2) = as if
Ex. She talked as if she knew it all.
M1: DAFE OOL-O know EEM DAFE talk-T.
M2: DAFE talk-T EEML DAFE know OOL-O.
<Note> In fact, she only knows part of it or knows nothing.
@ EEN (EENL for M2) = even if / even though
Ex. Even though he makes mistake, nobody complaints.
M1: MAFE mistake-O make EEN NAI JE complaint-O say.
M2: NAI JE say complaint-O EENL MAFE make mistake-O.
18-3-2. Other CLs (derived from MAs) to lead mainly adverb clauses
CLs in the following table are also derived from Modification Agent, and
therefore the CLs for M2 inherit L-ending.
Many lead adjective clause as well (the CLs with * lead adverb clause
only). We will study 10 CLs of them with
example later.
| Clause Leaders M1/M2 |
meaning |
| AAB / AABL | concerning that -- |
| AAC / AACL | instead of that |
| AAE / AAEL | except that |
| AAF / AAFL | after |
| AAG / AAGL | against that |
| AAI /AAIL | by the time (time limit) |
| AAN / AANL | compared with that |
| AAS / AASL | since (time point) |
| AAT / AATL | at (place) |
| AAU / AAUL | by |
| IIC / IICL | until |
| IID / IIDL | since (reason) |
| IIE / IIEL * | as -- as concerned |
| IIF / IIFL * | as for that -- |
| IIL / IILL | as, like |
| IIM / IIML | from that |
| IIN / IINL | in, inside -- |
| IIRP / IIRPL | back of that |
| IIY / IIYL | in addition to that |
| IIZ / IIZL | with that |
| UUC / UUCL | without that |
| UUO / UUOL | before |
| UUP / UUPL | based upon that |
| UURP / UURPL | while |
| UUS / UUSL * | though (although) |
| UUY / UUYL | beyond |
| UUZ / UUZL | besides |
| EEA / EEAL | time (when) |
| EEB / EEBL | to infinitive |
| EEC / EECL | as to (do) |
| EED / EEDL | in order to (do) |
| EEP / EEPL | as |
| EERP / EERPL | regardless of |
| EET / EETL | putting -- side |
| EEY / EEYL | including |
| EEZ / EEZL | for the case that |
<Note> EEC (EECL) lead mainly adjective clauses
but it can lead adverb clauses as well.
| M1 / M2 | meaning |
| AATTI / AATLTI | place + where |
| EEDTI / EEDLTI | time + when |
| EEZTI / EEZLTI | for the case + that |
We study 10 CLs with examples that follow.
@ AAB (AABL for M2) = about that
AAB /AABL has an effect of picking a particular topic.
Ex. We discussed about that he gave her illegal money.
M1: SEN (PA) MAFE DAFE illegal money give-T AAB discuss-T.
M2: SEN discuss-T AABL MAFE give-T DAFE illegal money.
<Note> Above NOXILO sentences are the same as below in terms of
meaning.
Ky and UUK (L) are CLs to lead adjective clause.
M1: SEN (PA) MAFE DAFE illegal money give-T Ky issue AB discuss-T.
M2: SEN discuss-T ABL issue Ky MAFE give-T DAFE illegal money.
<Note> Ky is CL to lead adjective clause. AB (ABL for
M2) is Modification Agent (=about).
M1: SEN (PA) MAFE DAFE illegal money give-T Ky issue-O discuss-T.
M2: SEN discuss-T issue-O Ky MAFE give-T DAFE illegal money.
M1: SEN (PA) MAFE DAFE illegal money give-T UUK issue-O discuss-T.
M2: SEN discuss-T issue-O UUKL MAFE give-T DAFE illegal money.
The following is acceptable. My is CL to lead noun clauses.
M1: SEN (PA) MAFE DAFE illegal money give-T My-O discuss-T.
M2: SEN discuss-T My-O MAFE give-T DAFE illegal money.
@ AAN (AANL for M2) = compared
with that
Ex. His action is even worse comapred with that she broke many window
glasses.
M1: DAFE MUQ window-glass-O break-T AAN MAFEI action-W even worse RI.
M2: MAFEI action-W RI even worse AANL DAFE break-T MUQ window-glass-O.
@ AAT (AATL for M2) = where
Ex. I grew up where I was born.
M1: SE IBAA-TZE AAT SE grow-T.
M2: SE grow-T AATL SE IBAA-TZE.
<Note> IBAA: bear IBAA-TZE: was born
@ IIC (IICL for M2) = until, till
Ex. I'll visit Musee du Louvre until I die. ( = I will continue to visit it until I die.)
M1: SE die IIC SE Musee-du-Louvre-O visit.
M2: SE visit Musee-du-Louvre-O IICL SE die.
Ex. Visit Musee du Louvre until you die. (
= You should continue to visit it until you die.)
M1: ME die IIC, YO Musee-du-Louvre-O visit.
M2: YO visit Musee-du-Louvre-O, IICL ME die.
<Note> The ',' is necessary between adverb clause and imperative clause anyways.
The following sentences are acceptable though they are not
typical.
M1: YO Louvre-O visit, ME die IIC.
M2: YO visit Louvre-O, IICL ME die.
@ IID (IIDL for M2) = because, since (reason)
Ex. I went to LSE in London since the school has a nice Ph.D. program.
M1: TE nice Ph.D. prgram-O have IID SE LSE UT go-T.
M2: SE go-T UTL LSE IIDL TE have nice Ph.D. program-O.
@ IIL (IILL for M2) = like that, as -- so, as -- as
Ex. Just German people enjoy beer, so French people enjoy wine.
M1: German people-W beer-O enjoy IIL French people-W wine-O enjoy.
M2: French people-W enjoy wine-O IILL German people-W enjoy beer-O.
Ex. Leave that as it is.
M1: TE RI ILL, YO TE-O leave.
M2: YO leave TE-O, IILL TE RI.
<Note> The following is acceptable though the clause order is
not typical.
M1: YO TE-O leave, TE RI ILL.
M2: YO leave TE-O, IILL TE RI.
M1: TE RI ILL, YO TE-O leave.
M2: IILL TE RI, YO leave TE-O.
Ex. Medical terminology is as necessary to treatment as the name
of auto parts are to repairman.
M1: Auto parts UB name-W repairman IO necessary IIL medical terminology-W treatment IO necessary RI.
M2: Medical terminology-W RI necessary IOL treatment IILL name-W UBL auto parts RI necessary IOL repairman.
<Note> UB (UBL for M2) means 'of'. IO (IOL for
M2) means 'to' or ''for',
and can be replaced with UO(L).
@ UUS (UUSL for M2) = althogh
Ex. She failed admission test to Oslo University although she study
very hard.
M1: DAFE hard study-T UUS DAFE Oslo University UT admission test-O fail-T.
M2: DAFE fail-T admission test-O UTL Oslo Universuty UUSL DAFE hard stdy-T.
@ UURP (UURPL for M2) = while
Ex. WE visited Carolinska Hospital two times while we were staying
in Sweden.
M1: SEN Sverie AT stay-TIn UURP SEN Carolinska Hospital-O 2 KRAn visit-T.
M2: SE 2 KRAn visit-T Carolinska Hospital-O UURPL SEN stay-TIn ATL Sverie.
<Note> SEN : WE Sverie : Sweden KRAn
: times.
@ EED (EEDL for M2) = in order to do that
Ex. The Euro crisis started when we arrived at Athens Int'l Airport.
M1: SEN Athens Int'l Airport AT arrive-T EED Euro crisis start-T.
M2: Euro crisis start-T EEDL SEN arrive-T ATL Athens Int'l Airport.
@ EEP (EEPL for M2) = as
Ex. Interest rate goes down as the central bank supplies a lot
of money.
M1: Central bank-W MUQ money-O supply EEP interest-rate-W go-down.
M2: Interest-rate-W go-down EEPL central bank-W supply MUQ money-O.
** Note **
Please note that AAT (place), EEA (time), and IID (reason) are not Interrogatives.
In NOXILO, interrogatives
(HA, HI, HU, HE, HO, HyA, Hy, and HyE) are used only for the case where
a real question or wonder exists.
Pls see below.
Ex. I went to a point where high priest Ganjin landed.
M1: SE (PA) high monk Ganjin-W land-T AAT point UT go-T.
M2: SE go-T UTL point AATL high monk Ganjin-W land-T.
<Note> AAT(L) is the CL to lead adjective clause. It
leads adverb clause, too.
Interrogative 'HO' (where) should not be used since there
is no question.
The 'point' is postcedent (M1), and antecedent (M2).
M1: SE (PA) high monk Ganjin-W land-T Ky point UT go-T.
M2: SE go-T UTL point Ky high monk Ganjin-W land-T.
<Note> Ky is the CL to lead adjective clause.
Interrogative 'HO' (where) should not be used since there
is no question.
M1: SE (PA) high monk Gaijin-W land-T AATTI UT go-T.
M2: SE go-T UTL AATLTI high monk Ganjin-W land-T.
<Note> AATTI is 'Ky + a certain place' for M1. AATLTI
is 'a certain place + Ky' for M2.
Ex. He was watching TV when his mother visited his house.
M1: Mother-W MAFEI house-O visit-T EEA MAFE TV-O watch-TIn.
M2: MAFE watch-TIn TV-O EEAL mother-W visit-T MAFEI house-O.
<Note 1> There is no question in example, and therefore, interrogative
'HE' (when) is not used.
<Note 2> The following clause order is acceptable. A
',' is necessary betweeen adverb clause and main clause.
M2: EEAL mother-W visit-T MAFEI house-O, MAFE watch-TIn TV-O.
Ex. The orphans know the reason why their American foster mother continued
to work till her 70s.
M1: Orphan-W (PA) American foster mother-W 70 year-old IC work < continue-T Ky reason-O know.
M2: Orphan-W know reason-O Ky American foster mother-W continue-T >
work ICL 70 year-old.
<Note> There is no question, therefore, 'HyA' (why) is not used.
18-3-3. Original CLs to lead adverb clauses.
The following 15 CLs are not derived from Modification Agents, and therefore the same form stand for
M1 and M2.
| CLs for M1 & M2 | meaning |
| ALES | unless |
| NVAL | lest (lest they misunderstand it) |
| NVEE | lest one can do (lest they can break jail easily) |
| PLA | little before |
| PLI | immediately before |
| PLP | at the same time, as |
| PLE | immediately after |
| PLO | little after |
| PEEC | first time -- in (year, etc.) |
| PEEN | This is even more -- although that's important. |
| SZA | Seeing that -- |
| TWA | in case |
| TWI | contingent upon |
| YUD | so that one do |
| YUM | so that one can do |
We study the following 4 CLs out of 15.
@ NVAL = lest
Ex. I gave him a good work manual lest he makes mistake.
M1: MAFE mistake-O make NVAL SE MAFE good work-manual give-T.
M2: SE give-T MAFE good work-manual NVAL MAFE make mistake-O.
M1: MAFE mistake-O make NVAL SE MAFE-O good work-manual-O give-T.
M2: SE give-T MAFE-O good work-manual-O NVAL MAFE make mistake-O.
@ NVEE = lest one can do
Ex. They supplied electricity to the bars lest prisoners can break
it.
M1: Prisonor-W TE-O break NVEE FEN electricity-O bar UT supply-T.
M2: FEN supply-T electricity-O UTL bar NVEE prisonor-W break TE-O.
<Note> The above sentences can be re-written as below.
M1: Prisonor-W TE-O GIMA break NVAL FEN electricity-O bar UT supply-T.
M2: FEN supply-T electricity-O UTL bar NVAL prisonor-W GIMA break TE-O.
<Note> GIMA is aux verb and means 'can'.
@ YUD = so that one do
Ex. They prepared the judge some new documents so that the judge could
further consider the case.
M1: Judge-W case-O further consider YUD FEN judge some new document prepare-T.
M2: FEN prerare-T judge some new document YUD judge-W further consider case-O.
M1: Judge-W case-O further consider YUD FEN judge-O some new document-O prepare-T.
M2: FEN prerare-T judge-O some new document-O YUD judge-W further consider case-O.
@ YUM = so that one can do
Ex. Alumni sent the best coach so that their baseball team can
win the tournament.
M1: FENI baseball-team-W tournament-O win YUM almni-W best coach-O send-T.
M2: Almni-W send-T best coach-O YUM FENI baseball-team-W win tournament-O.
<Note> The above sentences can be re-written as below.
M1: FENI baseball-team-W tournament-O GIMA win YUD almni-W best coach-O send-T.
M2: Almni-W send-T best coach-O YUD FENI baseball-team-W GIMA win tournament-O.
<Note> GIMA is aux verb and means 'can'.
******************
Ch-19 Naturalist
******************
There are only 3 naturalists so far ; AA (Ah in English), OO (Oh), and SOO (So).
These are Admiration & Exclamation Adverbs as well.
Some onomatopoeia may be added into this category in the future.
************************
Ch-20 Letter in NOXILO
************************
20-1. Sample letter in NOXILO
(Sample letter)
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
ALOO / English
M 20. 05. 08.
EPL MEI webpage
DS. OBANA Yoko
HAIKEI
SE enjoy-T MEI webpage-O OnD know-T
My ME IYUS International e-friend-O.
SE study computer science and Japanese language-O ATL U.C.Berkeley.
PLII ME send email-O.
KEIG
MR. GRIGGS F John
grgs@bestlang..or
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
(Translation)
ALOO / English ........... Hello ! I am writing
in NOXILO Mode II. / I use NOXILO Basic and English words.
M 20. 05. 08. ................ 8 May 2020
('M' stands for magenta/red.)
For ref. 15 July 1998 T2.7.15.
(T is from EITA = white.)
15
July 1999 T1.7.15.
15
July 2000 XS.7.15. (XUNyA SAAL = base year)
15
July 2001 M1.7.15. (M is from EIMA = magenta/red.)
15
July 2009 M9.7.15.
15
July 2010 M10.7.15.
15
July 2015 M15.7.15.
15 July 2020 M20.7.15.
15 July 2029 M29.7.15
15
July 2100 M100.7.15.
EPL MEI webpage ............... Title .............. Replying
to your webpage (ABL MEI webpage is OK, too.)
DS. ......................... Pronounced [da:s], Ms.
HAIKEI ................... Starting respect ........... Dear
Sir/Madame, (This is not necessary in email.)
I enjoyed your webpage and knew that you were seeking an international
e-friend.
I study computer science and Japanese language at U.C. Berkeley.
Please send me email.
KEIG ....................... Closing respect ...........
Regards (This is write out for most cases.)
MR. ......................... pronounced [ma:r], Mr.
20-2. Useful symbols
Proper usage of the following symbols could avoid possible misleading or
misunderstanding.
| symbols to be used | examples | |
| Personal Name | : : (Note) Personal name should be written in the order of family name, middle name, then given name, and the family name is expressed by capital letters unless said people feel uncomfortable. |
NOXILO way to express name. : DOE John : : MIZUTA Sentaro : Original way. : Fryderyk F Chopin : : George Washington : |
| Company, organization | : ; | : IBM ; ..... IBM Corporation : UN ; ...... United Nations |
| Place | ; ; | ; Pari ; ........... Pari ; Stockholm ; ........ Stockholm |
| Terminology | | | | | DNA | ....... Deoxyribo nucleic acid |
| Brand | _ _ | _Mercedes_ ....... Mercedes Benz _SONY_ .................. Sony |
| Emphasis | Underlined, or write in Gothic or Italic. Place ＶＩ before the word to be emphasized. Place VII before phrase and clause to be emphasized or Sandwitched by VII and -VII. |
new rule, new rule, new rule VI new rule VII upon new rule VII We conducted upon new rule -VII |
| Citation | Sandwitched by > < or sandwitched by ' ' |
> government of people, by people, for people < |
| Conversation | Sandwitched by " " (for M2) or 「 」 (for M1) | "I laughed" (English) 「私は笑った」 (Japanese) |
| Object of TO | If it is necessary to show the object of TO, and the object is in the same paragraph as TO is, TO-1 and ^1 word, phrase, or clause 1^ TO-2 and ^2 word, phrase, or clause 2^ TO-3 and ^3 word, phrase, or clause 3^ If it is in other paragraph, TO-A and ^A word, phrase, or clause A^ TO-B and ^B word, phrase, or clause B^ TO-C and ^C word, phrase, or clause C^ |
-1, ^1, and 1^ are not read out. -A, ^A, and A^ are not read out. |
| Object of BOI | BOI-1 and ~1 word, phrase, or clause 1~ BOI-2 and ~2 word, phrase, or clause 2~ BOI-3 and ~3 word, phrase, or clause 3~ BOI-A and ~A word, phrase, or clause A~ BOI-B and ~B word, phrase, or clause B~ BOI-C and ~C word, phrase, or clause C~ |
same as above. |
(Note) The '、' and '。' for M1 can be replaced with ',' and '.' respectively.
Thank you ｆｏｒ ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ！ Ｓｅｅ ｙｏｕ ａｇａｉｎ in the next webｐａｇｅ
6！
( Webpage 6 will include 500 Basic Words.)