Radicals for non-material nouns |
Meaning | Examples (ISW) |
---|---|---|
AB | talk, meeting, rebuttal, influence, etc. |
ABDIA (dialogue), ABKOn (meeting), ABKRI (criticism), ABRIB (rebuttal),
ABIn (influence), ABEKT (effect) |
ADy | reason, root, source | ADyU (source, root), ADyUKE (cause and effect), ADyURI (root cause), ADyUSA (metempsychosis) |
AH | fundamental | AHA (God), AHSA (time point), AHT (time in general), AHTA (time), AFKAn (time period), AHNA (eternal), AHMOT (moment), AHUL (will) |
AP | love, nurture, virtue, aid | APLO (love), APLI (likes), APAAQ (virtue), APLIOn (good feeling), APEATI (care), APLE (joy), APIAn (fiancee), APIEn (aid, giving) |
ILy | family | ILyAAM (family), ILyUM (father), ILyUD (mother), ILyTE (daughter), ILyS (son), ILyGMA (grand father), ILyGDA (grand mother) |
IM | question, interrogation, examination, research |
IMKE (question), IMKEA (interrogation), IMAAV (examination), IMREF (reference/comparison), IMSAAV (watch), IMEIn (study) |
IV | velocity, acceralation |
IVEL (velocity), IVAK (acceralation) |
InF | information, reveal, jounalist, public report |
InFOM (information), InFA (flag), InFT (post), InFI (news), InFAD (ad.), InFOST (jounalist), InFIAn (official report), InFIIV (accusation), InFNO (notice) |
UKy | treatment, nursing, prevention, medical doctor |
UKyUM (treatment), UKyNAA (nursing), UKyVA (evasion), UKyUA (care), UKyUV (prevention), UKyUM-IST(medical doctor) |
UX | social welfare, medi treatment | UXOL (social welfare), UXRAn (insurance), AEHTI_RAn (health insurance),
UXMED (medical support) |
UZ | disappointment, despair | UZDIA (disappointment), UZOn (to ask something unavailable), UZEEB (despair/hopelessness), UZERA (discouragement) |
UT | distinction, classification, category |
UTInG (distinction), UTLA (separation), UTEKL (classification), UTKA (category) |
ED | education, proverb, knowledge |
EDKEI (education), EDAAB (prverb), EDIA (study), EDLEK (lecture), EDKLA (class), EDNOL (knowledge) |
EMy | activity, gathering, exchange | EMyUL (activity), EMyUSA (support activity), EMyUP (protest activity),
EMyURE (party), EMyUGA (gathering), EMynT (night party), EMyTT(city), EMyLII (exchange), EMyn (gift) |
EnK | economy | EnKOM (economy), EnKTR (international trade), EnKI (import), EnKX (export), EnKEL (small market), EnKET (market in general) |
ES | east, west, longtitude | EST (East), ESWE (West), ESL (longtitude) |
Radicals for material nouns |
Meaning | Examples (ISW) |
BAA | birds | BAAP (pegeon), BAAI (eagle), BAASGL (seagul), BAAS (swan), BAAROT(parot), BAALOU (swallow), BAAQI (chick), BAAG (wild goose) |
BE | hair, nail, bone, skin, muskle, tail, pimple |
BEA (hair), BEOn (bone), BEOMA (marrow), BENE (nail), BES (skin), BEMAS (muskle), BEIL (tail), BEnP (pimple), BERIn (wrinkle), BESMA (birthmark) |
BEE | paper, kook, letter | BEEC (card), BEEK (book), BEEL (file), BEEPA (paper), BEETE (letter), BEENO (notebook), BEEP (stamp), BEEDIK (dictionary), BEENIS (newspaper) |
BII | house, address, nest | BIIUS (house), BIIRES (address), BIIN (nest), BIISIL (cokoon), BIIG
(fence), BIIBIL (building), BIIT(apartment), BIIKOn (construction) |
CAA | star | CAA (star), CAAPO (polestar), CAAM (Mercury), CAAVI (Venus), CAAR (Mars), CAAS (Saturn), CAARA (Uranus), CAAPIA (Jupitar) |
FII | fish | FIIK (codfish), FIIMOn (salmon), FIISA (sardine), FIIPA (pacific saury),
FIITA (tuna), FIIRIn (herring), FIIL (eel) |
GyO | land, road, plaza, park | GyOLD (land), GyOPL (plaza), GyOPA (park), GyODII (rice paddy), GyOLS (field/farmland), GyORST (forest), GyOR (road) |
HEE | Earth, planet | HEES (Earth), HEEPLA (planet), HEESEK (equator), HEEP (surface/ground), HEEMA (underground), HEER (shell) |
JEE | aircraft, spaceship, baloon | JEEn (aircraft), JEET (jet), JEES (spacecraft), JEERO (rocket), JEEG (glider), JEEBA (baloon) |
KE | furniture | KEFNI (furniture), KED (bed), KESK (desk), KEQEA (chair), KEFA (sofa), KEPT(carpet ) |
KO | soap, perfume, dyes | KOODI (detergent), KOOP (soap), KOOM (perfume), KOOIn (incense), KOODA (dyestuffs) |
NEn | energy, combustion, heat | NEn (energy), NEnXA (enertia), NEnH (heat), NEnLI (fuel), NEnH_IVRIIC (temperature C), NEnH_IVRIIK (temperature K) |
SAA | Sun | SAAn (Sun), SAAFS (fixed star), SAA_SAR (revolution), SAAD (dawn), SAAE (eclipse of the sun) |
SE | hotel, inn, dormitory | SEIn (inn), SETL (hotel), SEREn (tourist home), SEM (dormitory), SEIST (youth hostel) |
SII | sea, river, lake, hotsprings | SII (sea), SII_RIIM (ocean current), SIINE (seashore), SIID (tide), SIIVLI (oceanic trench), SIIR (river), SIIK (lake), SIIHOS (hotspring) |
TII | underware, clothes, diapers | TIIX (shirts), TIIXA (T-shirts), TIIAn (trousers), TIIDA (diapers), TIIBRA (brassiere), TIIE (underwear) |
TO | buildings, constructions, room | TOBILD (buildings), TOBRI (bridge), TONEL (tunnel), TODA (dam), TOBS (base), TOL (buildng), TOWAA (tower), TOM (room), TOB (main building) |
TOO | mammals (of animal) | TOOG (dog), TOOK (cow), TOOKyA (cat), TOOPI (pig), TOOSKL (squirrel), TOOLEF (elephant), TOOBA (bat), TOOKAn (kangaroo), TOOBST (beast) |
WII | foods from plants | WIIT (wheat), WIIR (rice), WIIB (bread/pan), WIIPS (pasta), WIIn (beans), WIINAC (peanuts), WIISPI (spinach), WIIMA (taro/sweat potato) |
XE | tools | XEDRI (screw driver), XEI (key), XELK (lock), XEZAA (scissors), XEPLI (pliers), XESU (saw), XEMAA (hammer), XENL (nail) |
XO | ship | XOPP (ship), XOBT (boat), XOTT (yacht), XOFIIn (fishing boat), XOHLAn (sail ship), XOM (military ship), XOMRIn (submarine), XOST (mast) |
XOO | mescellaneous items | XOOB (bag), XOOBA (basket), XOOTOL (towel), XOOPE (dust paper), XOOLET(wallet), XOOD (feminine hygiene products), XOOZA (razor) |
YOO | vehicles | YOOn (vehicles), YOO (car), YOOP (passenger car), YOOT(truck), YOOBS (bus), YOOX (taxi), YOOR (railway), YOOZ (rail), YOOGL (signal) |
ZAA | motor, engine, stove | ZAANA (dynamo), ZAAST (stove), ZAAn (engine), ZAAMO (motor) |
ZEE | continent, mountain, islands, slope |
ZEE (continent), ZEEL (ground/land surface), ZEEMA (mountain), ZEEI (island), ZEES (slope) |
22-2. Radicals for Verbs
Only Bodily Verbs have own radicals as shown below. Non-bodily verbs inherit
the radicals for other parts of speech
such as nouns, adjectives, etc.
Radicals for bodily verbs |
Parts (organ) | Examples (ISW) |
---|---|---|
KU, SU, CU, RU | mouth | KU ...... KU (eat & drink), KUI (eat), KUD (drink), KULI (lick), KUMA
(masticate), KUBA (bite), KUV (vomit), KUVO (vomit out), KUSA (spit) SU ...... SU (breathe through mouth), SUTO (breathe out through mouth), SUS (smoke cigarette), SUK (cough), SUGA (gargle), SUM (be choked by), SUBII (blow off), SUPL (play a musical instrument), SULO (blow gently) CU ....... CU (sing), CUK (sing to oneself), CUWI (whistle), CUL (chirp), CURO (roar/bark), CUB (groan) RU ....... RU (talk,/say/speak), RULA (speak loud), RUXA (shout), RUS (give a speech), RUQA (chat), RUWI (whisper), RUR (rumor), RUF (confess), RUGBEE (speak ill of), RUK (confess/admit), RUKOM (complain), RUHO (murmur), RUNE (inform/notify), RUEL (speak to oneself), DERU (become silent) |
TU, DU, NU, PU | hand | TU ....... TUV (have), TUKI (keep/hold), TUH (hold), TUHL (hold/hug), TURE
(receive), TUO (put on/wear), TUOn (swith on), TUS (draw), TUZ (draw out/uncork), TUDE (take out), TUP (seize/catch hold of), TUPI (pick up/clean), TUFI (fish) DU ....... DUG (grasp), DUP (pick/pinch), DUPOL (polish), DUX (rub), DUTOV (turn over), DUHI (hit), DUWI (twist), DUBE (bend), DURA (scrape), DUDI (dig), DUWA (wash) NU ....... NU (touch), NUV (caress/pat), NUMA (massauge), NURI (write), NUE (draw), NUFE (shake hands), NUWE (wave hands), NUPO (point), NUKRA (scratch) PU ....... PU (leave/give/launch), PUS (send), PURO (throw), PUHA (hand in), PUDIS (distribute), PUOV (overturn), PUC (put), PUSK (scatter), PUE (insert) |
BU, MU,YU | eye | BU ....... BU (weep/shed tears), BUK (cry), BUWI (wink), BUBL (blink/wink),
MU ....... MU (see), MUI (observe), MUK (glance/skim over), MUS (stare) , MUFA (find) YU ....... YU (read), YUPE (see through/detect), YUR (peruse), YUSAn (read with voice), YUNAS (read without voice) |
KyU, GyU, XU | head, face, neck | KyU ...... KyUKA (cut hair), KyUR (do hairdressing), KyUXE (shave) GyU ...... GyU (laugh), GyUL (big laugh), GyUMI (smile) XU ........ XUP (move up & down one's head to say 'Yes'), XUNA (shake head to say 'No') |
JU, QU, RyU | foot | JU ....... JU (bend knee), JUE (sit chair), JUS (sit on one's heels), JUK
(sit cross-legged), JUBE (bend down), JUNI (kneel down) QU ...... QU (standing), QUS (stand up), QUWA (stand on one leg), QUR (stand at rest), QUP (step on), QUA (stand at attention) RyU ...... RyU (walk), RyUR (run), RyUBAn (bounce), RyUK (kick), RyUPE (run for race), RyUZEI (step forward), RyUGA (rush out), RyULO (wander around) |
TyU, DyU, RyU | body | TyU ...... TyU (lean to), TyUA (dash oneself against), TyVIO (rage), TyUWAn
(bend one's body forward), TyUMO (exercise), TyUK (climb), TyUI (get on), TyUFO (climb down), TyUFOL (get off), TyUX (protrude/be crowded out), TyUBAS (bounce/bound) DyU ...... DyUMI (swim), DEDyUMI (drawn), DyUC (dive), DyUX (shiver), DyUFE (stiffen), DyUF (fly), DyULO (float), DyUKA (carry), DyUDA (deliver), DyUDE (deliver/bring) NyU ...... NyU (lay down), NyUA (lie on one's back), NyUB (lie on one's stomach), DENyU (get up/sit up on bed), NyUFO (fall down), NyUDEL (deliver baby), NyUKA (be born), NyUEK (excrete/discharge), NyUES (sweat/perspire) |
PyU | ear | PyU ...... PyU (hear), PyUO (overhear/leak out), PyUMO (hear rumor/get wind of) |
ByU, MyU | nose | ByU ...... ByUn (smell), ByUA (give off smell/scent) MyU ...... MyUn (blow one's nose), MyUKn (sniff at), MyUZn (sneeze) |
(Note) 'EHyUZ' (to sleep) is not categorized in the bodily verbs, which
is derived from a noun EHyU (sleep).
EHy
is the radical for nouns that are related to sleep, rest, anaesthesia,
and/or paralysis.
22-3. Radicals for Adjectives
General adjectives are the most common adjectives, which show a specific state or conditions such
as 'red', 'kind',
'last', 'abstract', 'fast', 'following', etc. General
adjectives consist of Bsic Words and International Standard Words (ISW).
The original adjectives of the ISWs have own 'radical' ('root' in English)
on the head of them, which are show in the blue
cells in the following table.
(Note 1) 'Original adjectives' mean non-derived adjectives.
(Note 2) Derived adjectives inherit the radical for the original words such as nouns,
and
the derived adjectives often have NA or BL ending.
A | I | U | E | O | AA | II | UU | EE | OO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | AI | AU | AE | AO | AII | AUU | AEE | AOO | ||
I | IA | IU | IE | IO | IAA | IUU | IEE | IOO | ||
U | UA | UI | UE | UO | UAA | UII | UEE | UOO | ||
E | EA | EI | EU | EO | EAA | EII | EUU | EOO |
Radical | Meaning | Examples (ISW) |
---|---|---|
AI | base, logic | AIDRn (direct), AInD (independent), AIPO (possible), AIRI (real), AITR (true) |
AU | large, rich, many | AUB (large), AUMA (many/much), AUHI (high), AUWA (wide), AUFT (fat), AUSI (thick) AUKOn (complex), AUTOK (), AURIT (majority), AUMIBLA (hibrid), AUJARE (exaggerated) |
AE | normal | AENO (normal), AEOR (ordinary), AEJE (general), AEKOM (commonplace), AEMID (middle), AENI (universal), AEFT(often), AEIn (with limit), AEMIL (gradual), AEH (healthy) |
AO | good, neutral | AOBI (beautiful), AOG (good), AOIn (intelectual), AOPAA (proper), AORDI (ready for) |
AII | comfortable, positive | AIIHA (happy), AIIL (lucky), AIIKA (comfortable), AIIPI (peaceful), AIISE (safe), AIIn (pleasant), AIIOP (opportunist), AIIF (filled) |
AUU | unsteady, dynamic uncertain, ambiguous |
AUUSTE (unsteady), AUUDA (dynamic), AUULOn (fluid), AUUGA (volatile), AUUVI (active), AUUL (living), AUUPO (positive), AUUKI (awakened), AUUVI (vital), AUUF (fast), AUUVAL (fragile), AUUTEM (temporary), AUUQA (accidental) AUUSn (uncertain), AUUTA (intangible), AUUSP (suspicious), AUUHA (hard to do), AUUSA (unsuitable), AUUKS (questionable), AUUB (abstract), AUUTRA (undependable), AUUDEL (delicate), AUURZO (irresolute/vacillating), AUUGE (suggestive/hint) |
AEE | //// (AEE is not used) | //// |
AOO | special | AOOSPE (special), AOOBNO (abnormal), AIIVI (individual), AOOY (original),
AOOIn (important), AOOPA (biased/one sided), AOOPRA (surprising), AOOMIn (minute) |
IA | taste, cooking | IAS (sweet), IALT (solty), IAHO (hot), IABI (bitter), IAJEn (astringent),
IAWA (sour/acid), IAFI (baked/heated), IAK (cooked) |
IU | time, age, era, speed | IUNI (new), IUNIF (top/advanced), IUn (young), IUNAS (recent), IUQA (child/childish)
...... N, Q, or Y after IU IUD (old), IUDIS (old/senile), IUMID (middle aged), IUDANA (obsolete) ...... D or R after IU IUE (early, 1st), IUET (too early), IUEVAn (in advance) ...... E after IU IULA (late, 2nd), IULAT (too late), IULn (after) ...... L after IU IUT (in time), IUZER (time series), DEIUT (out of time), DE-IUZER (opposite time series) ...... T or Z after IU IUMT (after incident), IUGA (next), IUMIn (future), DE-IURIA (unknown) ...... G or M after IU IUFA (quick/speedy), IUFK (quicK), IUFLO (quickly advancing), IUFLOT (radicalist) ...... F after IU IUSL (slow), IUSLO (slow/of relaxed pace), IUSn (of relaxed pace) ...... S after IU |
IE | strong, rich | IEST (strong), IERI (rich), IEGRI (greedy), IEPO (offensive), IEDA (bold),
IERAn (eloquent) IEXUL (luxury/extravagant), IEDEL (delux) |
IO | //// | //// |
IAA | good or normal nature of human, etc. |
IAAK (kind), IAAH (honest), IAADI (diligent), IAAPE (patient), IAAKL (equal/fair),
IAAMT (almighty), IAAFE (fair), IAAIn (intelligent), IAAGO (easily understandable) |
IUU | comfortable (of spirit) | IUUS (full of spirit/energy), IUUK (imaginative), IUULD (spiritually full),
IUUMA (with sense of fulfillment) |
IEE | steady, certain, clear, slow, static |
IEESTA (steady), IEETAn (tangible), IEEI (easy), IEEA (certain), IEEKOV
(conservative), IEEK (concrete/specific), IEETO (automatic), IEEPA (passive), IEEKO (rigid/fixed), IEELO (slow), IEEBRI (balanced), IEEME (methodical), IEETBS (to be sure) |
IOO | light and darkness | IOOR (bright/light), IOODA (dark), IOOXA (shining), IOOGL (dazzling/glaring),
IOOTRA (transparent), IOOKTRA (semi-transparent), IOOK (pure/clear) |
UA | tactile feeling (by heat) | UAHI (hot/warm), UAT (hot), UAM (warm), UARA (comfortable temparature), UAK (cold), UAIS (icy) |
UI | hearing | UIK (quiet), UINA (nice/comfortable sound), UIPyA (pure/clear) UILA (loud), UIXA (shouting), UINOI (unpleasant to the ear/cacophonic) |
UE | feature, density | UEKA (curvy), UERA (round), UEPO (pointed), UEST (straight), UESKyA (scattered) |
UO | small, low, few, light, thin |
UOS (small), UOLT (little), UOLO (low), UONA (narrow), UOX (short), UOXA
(sharrow), UOSIn (thin), UOXAI (surface/sharrow), UOLOI (cheap/inexpensive), UOQA (pure), UOBLA (pure blooded), UOMI (minute/fine), UOTRI (trifling/trivial), UOPAK (compact) |
UAA | open, free, public | UAAP (open), UAANE (naked), UAAR (free), UAAVO (voluntary), UAAKS (admittable),
UAAPA (public), UAAB (objective), UAAT (ouside), UAAX (apart), UAANAK (disorder), UAALA (relaxed), UAADIL (independent), UAADE (insulated), UAAEnT (estranged) |
UII | bad | UIIBA (bad), UIIG (agry), UIIF (false), UIIDE (dangerous), UIIMA (mad),
UIIPA (imperfect), UIIYA (cheap looking), UIIPIK (gaudy), UIISL (careless/slipshod), UIIREP (neglectful) |
UEE | pain | UEEP (painful), UEEI (ich), UEENA (numb), UEETI (tickle), UEEHAn (hungry),
UEEMA (smart/sting/burning), UEETA (tired), UEELD (senile), UEESO (slushy feces), UEEHA (constipated) |
UOO | //// | //// |
EA | smell | EABA (bad smell), EAF (nice smell), EAFLA (flaglant), EASME (smelly), IBn_SME (no smell) |
EI | color | EIBLA (black), EILO (yellow), EIMA (magenta), EIPI (pink), EIS (blue),
EITA (white), |
EU | tactile (non-heat) | EUS (smooth), EURA (rough/coarse), EUT (wet), EUDA (dry), EUREn (soaked/drenched),
EULIT (powdery/smooth), EULAS (elastic), EUTIK(sticky), EUVI (heavy), EUSMA (sting/smart) |
EO | direction, location | EOGA (right), EOLE (left), EOn (front), EORIA (rear), EOP (up), EOMA (down) |
EAA | weak, poor, minor | EAAK (weak), EAAP (poor), EAAMO (modest), EAAN (defensive), EAAS (soft),
EAABE (obey), EAAMI (minor), EAAT (humble), EAAX (shy), EAADR (derived), EAAH (short) |
EII | closed, restrained, private | EIIKL (closed), EIIK (restrained/bounded), EIIEK (exclusive), EIIHA (hidden),
EIIFO (forcible), EIIPRA (private), EIIS (secret), EIISA (subjective), EIIN (inside), EIIPOL (depended), EIIP (copy), EIITE (tense), EIIMO (monopoly), EIIPRIM (primitive), EIIGE (paired), EIIQ (jammed) |
EUU | bad, abnormal, imature | EUUK (diskind), EUUL (liar), EUUM (lazy), EUUMAD(mad), EUUSL (loose/slapdash/careless),
EUUBL (incompetent), EUUKOL (cold), EUUSEL (selfish), EUUGIL (guilty), EUUJA (rude), EUUVIO (violent), EUUZOL (self-conceited), EUURIA (infant & inferior), EUUHO (haughty), EUUI (innocent), EUUXTE (short tempered), EUUBAZ (most wicked/atrocious), EUUFE (unfair), EUUKE (careless), EUUMA (miserable), EUUBA (bad), EUURIX (mean/dirty) |
EOO | sad, fearful, angry | EOOSO (sad), EOOSK (scared), EOOPA (sympathizing), EOOMIZ (painful), EOOn
(angry), EOORE (blush), EOOT (tired of), EOOM (mad), EOOXI (shameful), EOOGL (jealous) |
(Note) Derived adjectives rather inherit the 'radical of original word'
than the radical for adjectives in the above table,
and they often have a NA or a BL at the end of the word.
Examples of derived adjectives:
Original word Derived adjectives
AFAAV (noun. service/welfare) ..........
AFAAVNA (of welfare)
IYPE (noun. hope) ........................................
IYPENA (of hope/hopeful)
IHMI (noun. wonder) ................................... IHMINA (of wonder)
PEnXI (noun. poison) .................................
PEnXINA (poisonous)
KU (bodily verb. eat and drink)
............. KUBL (edible)
22-4. Radicals for Adverbs
General adverb consist of Basic Words and International Standard Words (ISW). The original adverbs of the ISWs have
own (uniqiue) radicals for adverbs, which are shown in the yellow cells
in the following two tables.
(Note 1) 'Original adverbs' mean non-derived adverbs.
(Note 2) The derived adverbs inherit the radical for the original words
such as nouns or adjectives,
and
the derived adverbs often have LI ending.
Ny | Fy | Vy | Py | By | My | n | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | ANy | AFy | AVy | APy | ABy | AMy | An |
I | INy | IFy | IVy | IPy | IBy | IMy | In |
U | UNy | UFy | UVy | UPy | UBy | UMy | Un |
E | ENy | EFy | EVy | EPy | EBy | EMy | En |
A | |
---|---|
K | KA |
G | GA |
S | SA |
Z | ZA |
C | CA |
R | RA |
L | |
T | TA |
D | DA |
N | NA |
F | FA |
V | |
P | PA |
B | BA |
M | MA |
Y | YA |
W | WA |
Hy | |
Ky | KyA |
Gy | GyA |
X | XA |
J | JA |
Q | QA |
Ry | RyA |
Ly | |
Ty | TyA |
Dy | DyA |
Ny | NyA |
Vy | |
Py | PyA |
By | ByA |
My | MyA |
n |